Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda ) - 1507 Words

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political, cultural, etc.) contexts in which those texts circulate (Wodak: 2001, 1-2; Fairclough: 1995; Huckin, Andrus, and Clary-Lemon: 2012, 107; Rashidi and Souzandehfar: 2010, 56; Economou: 2009, 42). As many linguists and scholars’ engagement with the study of CDA, there already has been several schools or genres with their representative figures. Although the history and development of CDA study is still a bit premature and there is no distinct framework of wide-recogonition, according to van Dijk (2007), there are mainly four appro aches to it: 1) the Critical Linguistics (CL) developed by Fowler et al. (1979; 1991; 1996), Kress (1985); sociocultural/socio-semiotic approach proposed by Fairclough (1985; 1988; 1989; 1992; 1995; 2003; 2006); discourse-historical created by Wodak (1996, 2001) and Wodak et al. (1999); and sociocognitive approach introduced by van Dijk (1998, 2001, 2002) (Rashidi, Souzandehfar: 2010, 56-57; Economou: 42). CL is considered originally being introduced by Fowler et al. in their book of Language andShow MoreRelatedA Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda ) And Argumentation Theory860 Words   |  4 Pages The current empirical study constitutes a critical discourse analysis of part of the discourse that surrounds the New Caledonian independence issue. It aims to explore audience response to political speeches, to investigate how politicians attempt to persuade people to follow a particular course of action, to link the notions of discourse and action to the cognitive dimensions of ideology and presuppositions, to further clarify various contextual factors, such as power configurations, to describeRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis Happening Thousands Miles Away Essay745 Words   |  3 PagesMethodology Critical discourse analysis For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood without acknowledging itself as a mediated complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler (1991/2013) believes â€Å"news is socially constructed. What events are reported is not a reflection of intrinsic importance of those events, but reveals the operation of a complex and artificial set of criteria for selection† (p. 2). â€Å"The news media select events forRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis1347 Words   |  6 Pages2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): 2.1.1. What is CDA? 2.1.1.1. Critical, discourse and analysis Before beginning to address what CDA is, it is important to be clear about what is meant by the concepts of critical, discourse, and analysis: The notion of ‘critical’ is primarily associated with the critical theory of the Frankfurt School where social theory should be oriented towards critiquing and changing society. In CDA, the concept of ‘critical’ is appliedRead MoreThe Dialectical Relational Approach ( Dra ) For Da Emerged As A Problem Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Approach952 Words   |  4 Pagesapproach) DA approaches; drawing from several older approaches. For text analysis, his approach was based on Systemic Functional Linguistics or Hallidain approach (SFL); sociologically he drew from Gramsci, Althusser, Foucault and Bourdieu. He proposed that there is a dialectical relationship between discourses as meaning-making or semiotic elements of social life, and language is just one of the semiotic modalities, discourse can take (Harvey, 1996). Wodak and Meyer (2009: 163) explain Fairclough’sRead MoreObserver, Single Theory Studies812 Words   |  4 Pagesobservation instruments can coordinate well together, combining CA with other research instruments might be inherently problematic (Ten Have, 1990). Drawing from the principles of CA, the researcher is aware tha t CA takes an emic trajectory towards data analysis. Recordings are CA’s basic data and â€Å"CA resolutely refuses to accept the analytic relevant of respondent validation†(Richards et al., 2012:301). This posts a challenge on the decision of combining CA with classroom observation and interview in termsRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis1510 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists’ discussions from different disciplines, as well as ordinary language users.  In contemporary social sciences, especially in linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse.  Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language, as well as the language as a socio-cultural activity.  In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participateRead MoreA Critical Discourse Analysis Framework Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesMethodology A critical discourse analysis framework News is manufactured industrially and deeply influenced by the bureaucratic and economic structure of the media industry, by relations between the media and other industries, and by relations with authoritative apparatuses and institutions such as government. It reflects the prevailing values of a society in a particular historical context and simultaneously shapes the society in return (Fowler, 1991/2013). Although we cannot simply suggest anRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Calgary Herald1196 Words   |  5 PagesCalgary is the largest metropolitan area in the province and it is where the majority of Canada’s oil companies are headquartered. As such, the Herald’s readership is made up of people whose lives revolve around oil and are key players in the public discourse on oil and the environment. In light of this, the Calgary Herald plays a role in supplying the frames, metaphors, and storylines about oil that reach the public. This in turn, affects reader’s percepti ons and attitudes and potentially influencesRead MoreExample Research: Critical Discourse Analysis9514 Words   |  39 Pages18 Critical Discourse Analysis TEUN A. VAN DIJK 0 Introduction: What Is Critical Discourse Analysis? Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequalityRead MoreNew Caoleia Case Study997 Words   |  4 PagesThe study has adopted a novel approach to CDA by using linguistic tools such as Systemic Functional Grammar and Pragma-Dialectics, as well as insights from postcolonialism and poststructuralism to explore the impact of power and ideology on language use and social or political practice in the New Caledonian decolonisation process. Not only was linguistic evidence adduced to show how the French dominant powers employ a common destiny rhetoric to manipulate the other groups into accepting that New

J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit Juxtaposition Between Home...

One of the prevailing themes of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit is the juxtaposition between home and the outside world. Throughout the novel, Tolkien behooves the reader to wonder whether or not adventure is beneficial for Bilbo, as opposed to staying back at his home in The Hill. Tolkien himself does not take a clear position on this himself. Instead, he brilliantly juxtaposes Bilbo’s home with the outside world and leaves it up to the reader whether going on an adventure with Gandalf and the dwarves was the correct course of action. Or in other words, Tolkien conveys both the notion that Bilbo is better off at home, and that he is better off going on the adventure. This paper will examine each side of this conflict; reasons to Bilbo to stay†¦show more content†¦Another way in which Tolkien injects discomfort into Bilbo’s adventure away from home is through the characters. Much like with the setting, he uses robust descriptions to establish a sense of disc omfort. Take for example, the way he introduces the goblins in chapter 4: Out jumped the goblins, big goblins, great ugly-looking goblins, lots of goblins, before you could say rocks and blocks. There were six to each dwarf, at least, and two even for Bilbo; and they were all grabbed and carried through the crack, before you could say tinder and flint. (57) It is not just the fact that the band of dwarves encounters enemies in the outside world, but Tolkien’s description of said enemies which really convey a sense of hardship and shatter the reader’s sense of tranquility. These are not just any goblins. These goblins are big, mean, ugly, plentiful, and -perhaps most alarmingly- extremely quick. Tolkien adds a nice touch by using idioms to describe just how quick they are. Frankly, the goblins are scary. These goblins are just the kind of thing one would likely want to hide in a hobbit-hole from. Also, it is worth nothing that much like the weather which interrupts Bilbo’s thoughts of his hobbit-hole, the goblins also interrupt a tranquil scene as Bilbo had been dreaming before they attacked. Another character who Tolkien describes with great mastery is the dragon Smaug. The first time Bilbo sees Smaug is truly a scene to remember. Although the dragon is

Crime and Social Inequality Essay Example For Students

Crime and Social Inequality Essay Crime and criminalization are dependent on social inequality Social inequality there are four major forms of inequality, class gender race and age, all of which influence crime. In looking at social classes and relationship to crime, studies have shown that citizens of the lower class are more likely to commit crimes of property and violence than upper-class citizens: who generally commit political and economic crimes. In 2007 the National Crime Victimization Survey showed that families with an income of $15000 or less had a greater chance of being victimized; recalling that lower classes commit a majority of those crimes. We can conclude that crime generally happens within classes. Property Crime can be defined as the unauthorized taking or damaging of an individual’s personal belongings. This is not limited to robbery of any kind, fraud, or even arson, but all of these crimes have several coinciding traits that group them under this term. While property crimes are meant to take something that is not ours and use it for our own advantage, violent crimes are used to harm or even kill another rather than using for ones self. This includes hate crimes, murder, rape, and abuse. Hate Crimes are unique because they usually target someone who’s different than the race or sex of that individual committing the offense whereas murder and assault are not always gender or race defined. Therefore, property and violent crimes are influenced by social inequalities that are caused by gender, race, income and age; thus why the legal definition of crime cannot cover all possible scenarios without taking each individual case and studying social behaviors in these of why or what was the cause of the crime committed. Criminalization occurs when laws are enacted to inhibit certain social behaviors, deeming actions that were not previously illegal to become punishable. An example of criminalization would be the acceptance of marijuana in the early 1900’s until the legislators decided that it would be deemed an illegal substance; thus making the act a crime and those who partake criminals. This is just one example of how a behavior is transformed into a crime and therefore monitored and regulated by forces such as the authorities. Within the criminal justice system, the lawmakers and authorities have now taken criminalization to the next level by monitoring those who could be susceptible to committing crimes, watching certain neighborhoods and those who fit into the behaviors before the crime even committed. The criminal justice system takes into consideration the social stats of these people and decides who is ultimately going to commit the next crime based on the social inequalities found i n our society. Social inequalities are the difference between one family having insurance and living in the suburbs, while others are in low-income housing and on welfare. Criminalization and Social Inequality are connected by the opportunities that could arise if the â€Å"playing fields† were completely unbiased and fair to all. This is not the case in America or anywhere for that matter, because not everyone has the same chances due to not having enough money to afford insurance, own a house, or to even provide for their family. Is it a crime for a man to steal food if he is stealing so his family does not starve? Gender and gender identity also have an influence on crime. One form of criminalization in Maine is having a law that prohibits homosexual couples from wedding; however it is not a crime to be homosexual in Maine. Gender is also unique in that crimes can occur against individuals who are perceived to be â€Å"different† from the norm; crimes that often result in physical humiliation or death for the victim. On the other side of gender we can look at the frequency between which genders are more likely to commit specific crimes; for instance, most rapes are committed by a male offender. Females also commit rape but at a significantly less percentage than males; and the rape of a male will almost always be by another male, often in prison systems. .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .postImageUrl , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:hover , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:visited , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:active { border:0!important; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:active , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Inequality And Gender Inequality EssayAge also has an impact on crime. Certain age groups are more likely to commit specific crimes; a prime example is teenage years. Teen are affected by peer pressure that can influence them to do things out of the ordinary. As many teenagers do not have a regular source of income, they can be tempted to shoplift to acquire clothes, cds, or other objects to fit in. Studies have found that this declines after high school when individuals must get a job to support themselves. Age can also be an indicator of what ages are most likely to be the victims of specific crimes. A 2008 study by the Department of Justice found that most victim s of violent crimes were between the ages of sixteen to nineteen and declined slowly after that. From this the Department of Justice was able to conclude that violent crimes are less likely to happen to individuals sixty-five and older. Race is the fourth major influence on crime. Race is one of the most controversial influences, like gender, is often a force behind hate crimes. One blatant example of crimes against race is the Holocaust in which Hitler declared the extermination of the Jewish race and slaughtered millions of others deemed to be inferior to the â€Å"master race†. The â€Å"master race† is often the motive behind supremacist groups; like the Third Reich, the Ku Klux Klan considers whites to be the master race, and during the 1900s lynched countless African-Americans and homosexuals. However, by dividing social inequalities into, criminologist are able to determine which races are liable to commit property crimes or violent crimes. Considering data from race, age, gender, and class allow criminologist and statistician to form a more complete profile of a crime. This data also allows them to be able to calculate which individuals will be most likely to commit a crime as well as what areas with a higher concentration of individuals. Police can be dispatched more efficiently to patrol these areas with higher frequencies of crimes. All the videos exemplified criminalization at one level or another. Mos Def in particular hit the nail on the head. Specifically at the beginning at the video Bill Maher says â€Å"You have to admit that there are people who do want to kill Americans†, to which Mos Def replies: â€Å"Yeah some of them are called the police†. What Mos Def illustrates in his response is that discrimination can take the form of criminalization. He points out that although police can generally be seen as a force of good, they can be affected by biases such as race; this in effect makes them no different than other groups who seem others as inferior. This is best exemplified by the actions that occurred against the MOVE organization. On May 13th, 1985 Philadelphia police began to throw tear gas into the residence of the MOVE Organizations, when the residents failed to evacuate, police claimed to be fired upon and proceeded to shoot over 10,000 rounds at the house over the next two hours. As a final stand, a five-pound brick of C4 plastic explosive was dropped onto the roof of the MOVE residence, which when detonated caused the house to catch fire. In total, there were eleven casualties, five children, 5 adults, and John Africa. The only survivor, Ramona Africa, maintains MOVE’s innocence and that none of the members fired upon police forces. Despite the controversy of May 13th, it exemplifies criminalization. The authorities felt threatened by a particular group, in this case MOVE, an organization predominantly African-American with radical political notions. Although race may not have been affected the motives of the group it is possible that they affected the actions taken against them. Keep in mind that although African-Americans had equal rights in the 1970s and 1980s, they were still a minority and heavily discriminated against. .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .postImageUrl , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:hover , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:visited , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:active { border:0!important; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:active , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Inequality : A Social ConditionCrime and criminalization can be ambiguous; crime is only crime until certain authorities deem the actions illegal. However, social inequalities can lead to increased crime rates, notions such as gender, age, race, and class influence crime and provide criminologist with the date to determine who is most likely to commit a crime and where.

Similarities Beetween Willy And Biff In DeATHof free essay sample

A Salesman Essay, Research Paper Similarities Between Willy and Biff in Death of a Salesman by toilet moster Arthur Miller? s Death of a Salesman is the tragic narrative of Willy Loman who? s life is a uninterrupted anguish. He feels as if he had failed in accomplishing anything for himself or his household. One of his dreams was to go a successful salesman, but alternatively, he supports his household with the loans he receives from his friend because his occupation earns him nil. He lives with his married woman Linda, and his two boies, Biff and Happy. Biff was another dream of Willy? s. Biff was to be a professional football participant, but he gave up his attempts in life after catching his male parent cheating on Linda. When Willy realizes the consequences of his extramarital actions, he commits suicide. Willy and Biff are really similar in that they both had no positive function theoretical accounts, both feel that success is more of import than enjoyment, and both had dreams taken off from them. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities Beetween Willy And Biff In DeATHof or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first manner in which Biff and Willy is their deficiency of a positive function theoretical accounts. Willy? s male parent left him when he was a babe, and neer had anyone to steer him through life. In consequence, this left Biff with no positive function theoretical account. Willy had neer received good influential parenting and neer learned how to positively act upon Biff. All of the good advice Biff received from Willy is shattered when he learns of his male parent? s extramarital relationship. He says, ? You fake! You phony small sham! ? to Willy, bespeaking that everything Willy had told him is disregarded. Biff feels disillusioned by his function theoretical account and believes that everything he learned about life from his male parent is nonmeaningful, and he gives up on life. Another manner in which Willy and Biff are similar is their thought that success is more of import than enjoyment. Willy is shown to hold a great involvement in horticulture and woodworking, but he insists on being a salesman. He believes that regard is merely given to the successful and he would neer take up his involvements as an business. Biff inherits this thought from Willy. Willy wants Biff to go a celebrated professional football participant. Biff? s true desire is to work on a spread, which he finally does and have unfavorable judgment from Willy. Biff? s thought of the importance of success is what drives him to make many things in his early life. This is why he gives up on life when he reasoned that the thought that he learned from his male parent was a prevarication.