Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda ) - 1507 Words

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political, cultural, etc.) contexts in which those texts circulate (Wodak: 2001, 1-2; Fairclough: 1995; Huckin, Andrus, and Clary-Lemon: 2012, 107; Rashidi and Souzandehfar: 2010, 56; Economou: 2009, 42). As many linguists and scholars’ engagement with the study of CDA, there already has been several schools or genres with their representative figures. Although the history and development of CDA study is still a bit premature and there is no distinct framework of wide-recogonition, according to van Dijk (2007), there are mainly four appro aches to it: 1) the Critical Linguistics (CL) developed by Fowler et al. (1979; 1991; 1996), Kress (1985); sociocultural/socio-semiotic approach proposed by Fairclough (1985; 1988; 1989; 1992; 1995; 2003; 2006); discourse-historical created by Wodak (1996, 2001) and Wodak et al. (1999); and sociocognitive approach introduced by van Dijk (1998, 2001, 2002) (Rashidi, Souzandehfar: 2010, 56-57; Economou: 42). CL is considered originally being introduced by Fowler et al. in their book of Language andShow MoreRelatedA Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda ) And Argumentation Theory860 Words   |  4 Pages The current empirical study constitutes a critical discourse analysis of part of the discourse that surrounds the New Caledonian independence issue. It aims to explore audience response to political speeches, to investigate how politicians attempt to persuade people to follow a particular course of action, to link the notions of discourse and action to the cognitive dimensions of ideology and presuppositions, to further clarify various contextual factors, such as power configurations, to describeRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis Happening Thousands Miles Away Essay745 Words   |  3 PagesMethodology Critical discourse analysis For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood without acknowledging itself as a mediated complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler (1991/2013) believes â€Å"news is socially constructed. 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For text analysis, his approach was based on Systemic Functional Linguistics or Hallidain approach (SFL); sociologically he drew from Gramsci, Althusser, Foucault and Bourdieu. He proposed that there is a dialectical relationship between discourses as meaning-making or semiotic elements of social life, and language is just one of the semiotic modalities, discourse can take (Harvey, 1996). Wodak and Meyer (2009: 163) explain Fairclough’sRead MoreObserver, Single Theory Studies812 Words   |  4 Pagesobservation instruments can coordinate well together, combining CA with other research instruments might be inherently problematic (Ten Have, 1990). Drawing from the principles of CA, the researcher is aware tha t CA takes an emic trajectory towards data analysis. Recordings are CA’s basic data and â€Å"CA resolutely refuses to accept the analytic relevant of respondent validation†(Richards et al., 2012:301). 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It reflects the prevailing values of a society in a particular historical context and simultaneously shapes the society in return (Fowler, 1991/2013). Although we cannot simply suggest anRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Calgary Herald1196 Words   |  5 PagesCalgary is the largest metropolitan area in the province and it is where the majority of Canada’s oil companies are headquartered. As such, the Herald’s readership is made up of people whose lives revolve around oil and are key players in the public discourse on oil and the environment. In light of this, the Calgary Herald plays a role in supplying the frames, metaphors, and storylines about oil that reach the public. This in turn, affects reader’s percepti ons and attitudes and potentially influencesRead MoreExample Research: Critical Discourse Analysis9514 Words   |  39 Pages18 Critical Discourse Analysis TEUN A. VAN DIJK 0 Introduction: What Is Critical Discourse Analysis? Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequalityRead MoreNew Caoleia Case Study997 Words   |  4 PagesThe study has adopted a novel approach to CDA by using linguistic tools such as Systemic Functional Grammar and Pragma-Dialectics, as well as insights from postcolonialism and poststructuralism to explore the impact of power and ideology on language use and social or political practice in the New Caledonian decolonisation process. Not only was linguistic evidence adduced to show how the French dominant powers employ a common destiny rhetoric to manipulate the other groups into accepting that New

J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit Juxtaposition Between Home...

One of the prevailing themes of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit is the juxtaposition between home and the outside world. Throughout the novel, Tolkien behooves the reader to wonder whether or not adventure is beneficial for Bilbo, as opposed to staying back at his home in The Hill. Tolkien himself does not take a clear position on this himself. Instead, he brilliantly juxtaposes Bilbo’s home with the outside world and leaves it up to the reader whether going on an adventure with Gandalf and the dwarves was the correct course of action. Or in other words, Tolkien conveys both the notion that Bilbo is better off at home, and that he is better off going on the adventure. This paper will examine each side of this conflict; reasons to Bilbo to stay†¦show more content†¦Another way in which Tolkien injects discomfort into Bilbo’s adventure away from home is through the characters. Much like with the setting, he uses robust descriptions to establish a sense of disc omfort. Take for example, the way he introduces the goblins in chapter 4: Out jumped the goblins, big goblins, great ugly-looking goblins, lots of goblins, before you could say rocks and blocks. There were six to each dwarf, at least, and two even for Bilbo; and they were all grabbed and carried through the crack, before you could say tinder and flint. (57) It is not just the fact that the band of dwarves encounters enemies in the outside world, but Tolkien’s description of said enemies which really convey a sense of hardship and shatter the reader’s sense of tranquility. These are not just any goblins. These goblins are big, mean, ugly, plentiful, and -perhaps most alarmingly- extremely quick. Tolkien adds a nice touch by using idioms to describe just how quick they are. Frankly, the goblins are scary. These goblins are just the kind of thing one would likely want to hide in a hobbit-hole from. Also, it is worth nothing that much like the weather which interrupts Bilbo’s thoughts of his hobbit-hole, the goblins also interrupt a tranquil scene as Bilbo had been dreaming before they attacked. Another character who Tolkien describes with great mastery is the dragon Smaug. The first time Bilbo sees Smaug is truly a scene to remember. Although the dragon is

Crime and Social Inequality Essay Example For Students

Crime and Social Inequality Essay Crime and criminalization are dependent on social inequality Social inequality there are four major forms of inequality, class gender race and age, all of which influence crime. In looking at social classes and relationship to crime, studies have shown that citizens of the lower class are more likely to commit crimes of property and violence than upper-class citizens: who generally commit political and economic crimes. In 2007 the National Crime Victimization Survey showed that families with an income of $15000 or less had a greater chance of being victimized; recalling that lower classes commit a majority of those crimes. We can conclude that crime generally happens within classes. Property Crime can be defined as the unauthorized taking or damaging of an individual’s personal belongings. This is not limited to robbery of any kind, fraud, or even arson, but all of these crimes have several coinciding traits that group them under this term. While property crimes are meant to take something that is not ours and use it for our own advantage, violent crimes are used to harm or even kill another rather than using for ones self. This includes hate crimes, murder, rape, and abuse. Hate Crimes are unique because they usually target someone who’s different than the race or sex of that individual committing the offense whereas murder and assault are not always gender or race defined. Therefore, property and violent crimes are influenced by social inequalities that are caused by gender, race, income and age; thus why the legal definition of crime cannot cover all possible scenarios without taking each individual case and studying social behaviors in these of why or what was the cause of the crime committed. Criminalization occurs when laws are enacted to inhibit certain social behaviors, deeming actions that were not previously illegal to become punishable. An example of criminalization would be the acceptance of marijuana in the early 1900’s until the legislators decided that it would be deemed an illegal substance; thus making the act a crime and those who partake criminals. This is just one example of how a behavior is transformed into a crime and therefore monitored and regulated by forces such as the authorities. Within the criminal justice system, the lawmakers and authorities have now taken criminalization to the next level by monitoring those who could be susceptible to committing crimes, watching certain neighborhoods and those who fit into the behaviors before the crime even committed. The criminal justice system takes into consideration the social stats of these people and decides who is ultimately going to commit the next crime based on the social inequalities found i n our society. Social inequalities are the difference between one family having insurance and living in the suburbs, while others are in low-income housing and on welfare. Criminalization and Social Inequality are connected by the opportunities that could arise if the â€Å"playing fields† were completely unbiased and fair to all. This is not the case in America or anywhere for that matter, because not everyone has the same chances due to not having enough money to afford insurance, own a house, or to even provide for their family. Is it a crime for a man to steal food if he is stealing so his family does not starve? Gender and gender identity also have an influence on crime. One form of criminalization in Maine is having a law that prohibits homosexual couples from wedding; however it is not a crime to be homosexual in Maine. Gender is also unique in that crimes can occur against individuals who are perceived to be â€Å"different† from the norm; crimes that often result in physical humiliation or death for the victim. On the other side of gender we can look at the frequency between which genders are more likely to commit specific crimes; for instance, most rapes are committed by a male offender. Females also commit rape but at a significantly less percentage than males; and the rape of a male will almost always be by another male, often in prison systems. .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .postImageUrl , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:hover , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:visited , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:active { border:0!important; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:active , .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7570f84fc2fcc338362595e0a50431c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Inequality And Gender Inequality EssayAge also has an impact on crime. Certain age groups are more likely to commit specific crimes; a prime example is teenage years. Teen are affected by peer pressure that can influence them to do things out of the ordinary. As many teenagers do not have a regular source of income, they can be tempted to shoplift to acquire clothes, cds, or other objects to fit in. Studies have found that this declines after high school when individuals must get a job to support themselves. Age can also be an indicator of what ages are most likely to be the victims of specific crimes. A 2008 study by the Department of Justice found that most victim s of violent crimes were between the ages of sixteen to nineteen and declined slowly after that. From this the Department of Justice was able to conclude that violent crimes are less likely to happen to individuals sixty-five and older. Race is the fourth major influence on crime. Race is one of the most controversial influences, like gender, is often a force behind hate crimes. One blatant example of crimes against race is the Holocaust in which Hitler declared the extermination of the Jewish race and slaughtered millions of others deemed to be inferior to the â€Å"master race†. The â€Å"master race† is often the motive behind supremacist groups; like the Third Reich, the Ku Klux Klan considers whites to be the master race, and during the 1900s lynched countless African-Americans and homosexuals. However, by dividing social inequalities into, criminologist are able to determine which races are liable to commit property crimes or violent crimes. Considering data from race, age, gender, and class allow criminologist and statistician to form a more complete profile of a crime. This data also allows them to be able to calculate which individuals will be most likely to commit a crime as well as what areas with a higher concentration of individuals. Police can be dispatched more efficiently to patrol these areas with higher frequencies of crimes. All the videos exemplified criminalization at one level or another. Mos Def in particular hit the nail on the head. Specifically at the beginning at the video Bill Maher says â€Å"You have to admit that there are people who do want to kill Americans†, to which Mos Def replies: â€Å"Yeah some of them are called the police†. What Mos Def illustrates in his response is that discrimination can take the form of criminalization. He points out that although police can generally be seen as a force of good, they can be affected by biases such as race; this in effect makes them no different than other groups who seem others as inferior. This is best exemplified by the actions that occurred against the MOVE organization. On May 13th, 1985 Philadelphia police began to throw tear gas into the residence of the MOVE Organizations, when the residents failed to evacuate, police claimed to be fired upon and proceeded to shoot over 10,000 rounds at the house over the next two hours. As a final stand, a five-pound brick of C4 plastic explosive was dropped onto the roof of the MOVE residence, which when detonated caused the house to catch fire. In total, there were eleven casualties, five children, 5 adults, and John Africa. The only survivor, Ramona Africa, maintains MOVE’s innocence and that none of the members fired upon police forces. Despite the controversy of May 13th, it exemplifies criminalization. The authorities felt threatened by a particular group, in this case MOVE, an organization predominantly African-American with radical political notions. Although race may not have been affected the motives of the group it is possible that they affected the actions taken against them. Keep in mind that although African-Americans had equal rights in the 1970s and 1980s, they were still a minority and heavily discriminated against. .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .postImageUrl , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:hover , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:visited , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:active { border:0!important; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:active , .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2 .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0344c8aa70bd190abe027f76918f5a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Inequality : A Social ConditionCrime and criminalization can be ambiguous; crime is only crime until certain authorities deem the actions illegal. However, social inequalities can lead to increased crime rates, notions such as gender, age, race, and class influence crime and provide criminologist with the date to determine who is most likely to commit a crime and where.

Similarities Beetween Willy And Biff In DeATHof free essay sample

A Salesman Essay, Research Paper Similarities Between Willy and Biff in Death of a Salesman by toilet moster Arthur Miller? s Death of a Salesman is the tragic narrative of Willy Loman who? s life is a uninterrupted anguish. He feels as if he had failed in accomplishing anything for himself or his household. One of his dreams was to go a successful salesman, but alternatively, he supports his household with the loans he receives from his friend because his occupation earns him nil. He lives with his married woman Linda, and his two boies, Biff and Happy. Biff was another dream of Willy? s. Biff was to be a professional football participant, but he gave up his attempts in life after catching his male parent cheating on Linda. When Willy realizes the consequences of his extramarital actions, he commits suicide. Willy and Biff are really similar in that they both had no positive function theoretical accounts, both feel that success is more of import than enjoyment, and both had dreams taken off from them. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities Beetween Willy And Biff In DeATHof or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first manner in which Biff and Willy is their deficiency of a positive function theoretical accounts. Willy? s male parent left him when he was a babe, and neer had anyone to steer him through life. In consequence, this left Biff with no positive function theoretical account. Willy had neer received good influential parenting and neer learned how to positively act upon Biff. All of the good advice Biff received from Willy is shattered when he learns of his male parent? s extramarital relationship. He says, ? You fake! You phony small sham! ? to Willy, bespeaking that everything Willy had told him is disregarded. Biff feels disillusioned by his function theoretical account and believes that everything he learned about life from his male parent is nonmeaningful, and he gives up on life. Another manner in which Willy and Biff are similar is their thought that success is more of import than enjoyment. Willy is shown to hold a great involvement in horticulture and woodworking, but he insists on being a salesman. He believes that regard is merely given to the successful and he would neer take up his involvements as an business. Biff inherits this thought from Willy. Willy wants Biff to go a celebrated professional football participant. Biff? s true desire is to work on a spread, which he finally does and have unfavorable judgment from Willy. Biff? s thought of the importance of success is what drives him to make many things in his early life. This is why he gives up on life when he reasoned that the thought that he learned from his male parent was a prevarication.

Kone the Monospace Launch in Germany free essay sample

The German low-rise building market was divided, as in other European countries, in geared traction technology (PU and PT), and hydraulic technology (PH) that accounted for 8% and 92% respectively. KONE’s new product, MonoSpace, was mainly characterized for its new technology, the EcoDisc, which provided a more comfort ride, did not need for a machine room, and reduced energy consumption. Before the launch of MonoSpace in Germany, it was test marketed in France, United Kingdom (U. K. ) and The Netherlands. In the latest, MonoSpace was a complete success. It gave higher profits and 62% of the low-raise market (up from 52%). But in France only 40 units were sold of the 300 expected and in U. K. no units were sold during the first month after launch. Results that gave Hatala cause for concern. Finally, a pre-launch had been done: During November 1995, 4 PH customers converted their orders to MonoSpace and from January to June 1996, 30 MonoSpace elevators where arranged to be installed. We will write a custom essay sample on Kone: the Monospace Launch in Germany or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of them were asked to â€Å"keep quiet about the technology†. Decision to be made: Since the pricing and positioning strategy of MonoSpace will have a significant impact in KONE’s European and global image, Hatala has to decide with extreme caution each one of them. We will analyze price in deep. Alternatives: To set a price we have two alternatives, (1) to follow the indications at KONE’s Brussels headquarters: â€Å"to set prices above existing prices if KONE held less than 15% market share and in line with existing price levels if KONE otherwise† or (2) to set their own price according to the German market. Quantitative Let’s analyze each country individually. In France, the price was FF 30,000 over the price listed for a PT. This was done because it was expected to have a FF 5,000 cost reduction in energy and in consequence, be able to recover the investment in just six years. Nevertheless, it seems that this short-term gain was not enough to thrill the French market. As the market share in U. K. was above 15%, the price was to be kept in line with the most expensive geared traction. However, the PT only entailed 10% of the low-rise market and its price was almost the double than PH price, plus U. K. ontractors’ concern of leaving out the machine room for fear of a price gouging from KONE as being the only non-machine-room provider; lead to the absence of demand for the MonoSpace. On the contrary, in The Netherlands, PT and PU counted for 60% to 70% of the sales and as the in-line price for MonoSpace was set in only DG1,000 more than the most expensive geared traction elevator, allowed more customers to give a chance to this new te chnology, plus the fact that KONE was the market share leader by far. 1Most of the data is from Table D and page 6. Data from page 4. 3Data from Table C and Table E. 1Most of the data is from Table D and page 6. 2Data from page 4. 3Data from Table C and Table E. In conclusion, the suggestion given from Brussel’s managers left out the unique characteristics of each of the countries. Therefore for the case of Germany, we should take into consideration the fact that 92% of the low-rise elevators sales come from the hydraulic technology and only 2% come from the most expensive geared traction system, and that even the market share of KONE in this country is only 9. %, maybe the price should not be set above the existing ones. Qualitative: KONE Aufzug had very well identified their customers: (1) property developers –concerned mainly with the overall cost and the investment value of their properties, made the decision of which elevator to buy, 10% of the times. (2) General contractors –who sought for the more competitive offer through a competitive bidding process, made the decision 50% of the times, and (3) architects –that were more worried about the cosmetic options of the elevators. They were the ones in charge of the decision 40% of the times. Under these customers, we can see that for the general contractors, a low price, closer to the PH’s one would be more attractive. However, for the architect, it seems that the price may not be a real obstacle because they care more about the looks of the building rather than the final price of it. Recommendation amp; Rationale: After analyzing the data both quantitative and qualitatively, we have concluded that a price between both technologies would be better to introduce the MonoSpace into the German market. As we could see in the British market, a price that is more than double of the most inexpensive elevator won’t create enough interest to even ask about this new product, especially if the vast majority of the market prefers the lower price elevator. Thanks to the French’s experience, we can see that customers are not really interesting in investing in a technology that has not really been proved in the market, even when it promises a more comfortable ride, a cost reduction in energy, and the elimination of machine rooms and potential fire and environmental hazards. Finally, in the unique case that The Netherland presented, we can conclude that customers are willing to try something new and with many improvements for a small price increase. If we understand that all the elevators were priced very similarly and the market preferred the geared traction system instead of the hydraulic, we can understand why the price worked. Nevertheless, German market is a hybrid of all previous. A 92% of the lo-rise elevator sales come from the PH, leaving only 6% for PT and 2% for PU. We see that the price for the PU is DM 20,000 more than the PH. Hence, we can assume that even though the hydraulic system provided lower ride comfort and lower speed than the geared traction elevators, Germans are not willing to pay that difference to improve their experience. (Neither the British nor the French did). So a price closer to DM 60,000 of the PH would bring the most possibilities to have a success in the MonoSpace. To complete our discussion, we think that after setting the right price, it is of vital importance to generate a marketing kit that highlights the qualities of MonoSpace. It is highly recommended to create a communication strategy able to reach everyone involved in the process of buying the elevator, whereas is the final consumer or the architect that just has a building in mind. It is also important to create conscience of the MonoSpace so they have it in consideration for all upcoming projects. [ 1 ]. KONE: The MonoSpace Launch in Germany. Narayandas, D. and Swartz, G. Boston  : Harvard Business School Publishing, 2005, p. 7.

Advantage of Wimax Essay Example

Advantage of Wimax Essay Example Advantage of Wimax Essay Advantage of Wimax Essay WiMAX is a key component of Intels broadband wireless strategy to deliver innovative mobile platforms for anytime, anywhere Internet connectivity. New and emerging multimedia applications and broadband remote access are driving the need for very high-speed wide area Internet access to mobile devices. WiMAX is an advanced technology solution, based on the IEEE 802. 16-2005 standard, designed to meet this need, and to do so in a low-cost, flexible way. WiMAX networks are optimized for high-speed data and are expected to spur innovation in services, content, and new mobile devices. (Intel, Centino, 2006) WiMAX is an interesting study in technology development, standardization and spin control. The idea for WiMAX came about in the wake of the telecom bubble, when generating hype about what technologies could do was anathema. WiMAX is also - by name as well as by function and association - a cousin of Wi-Fi, which hasnt exactly become firmly ensconced as an indispensable technology tool in the telecom service provider quiver. When Wi-Fis new maxed-out cousin came onto the scene, it already had that (perceived) strike against it. (Meyers, 2005) Wimax is a wireless broadband technology as an alternative to DSL and cable modems. They also have Mobile WiMAX will be a complement to cellular air interfaces, with the possibility of roaming between mobile WiMAX networks and a UMTS or EV-DO network. (Smith, 2006 Smart antennas, are on the road map of every major standard not just WiMAX, including those from the 3GPP (WCDMA) and 3GPP2 (CDMA) and the emerging 802. 20 standard. Existing mobile carriers are unlikely to deploy intelligent antennas with a new air interface initially for coverage or capacity since these carriers already possess substantial tower assets and existing mobile carriers generally scale capacity on new services and/or air interfaces gradually to meet initial and limited demand for those services. OFDMA is also on the road map of virtually every major standard, including those mentioned above. 3GPP2, perhaps through the standardization of FLASH-OFDM, stands to be the first group to offer a mobile, deployment ready version of OFDMA. 3GPP will follow and 802. 20 could ratify an OFDMA standard by late 2006. The first truly open mobile standard (802. 16e). It is governed by the IEEEs fair licensing practices and participation in the group is open and democratic compared to other groups. This is in fact revolutionary as 3GPP and 3GPP2 are ultimately consortiums and its implications are wide. This open process should lead to greater innovation and hence a better performance when moving forward and also potentially lower intellectual property licensing fees and provide for a quicker rate of change compared to that of existing mobile technologies. A lack of history within the mobile industry is also an advantage for WiMAX vendors. WiMAX is also the first major mobile standard to offer all IP as a standard feature set. By putting under IP it offers cost advantages, the ability to offer multiple services over a single platform, reductions in operating and capital expenditures, rapid application development and often a competitive edge. (Fuertes, 2005) Disadvantage of Wimax OFDMA spectral efficiency in a wide area, multi-cellular, mobile environment, remain unproven regarding the implementation which WiMAX purveyors and most others will use. The advantage may exist from use of the air interface but the level of improvement, especially in a challenging mobile environment, may not be as great as many are expecting. Likewise, performance may vary substantially according to implementation and performance of the MAC level, which governs how the radio spectrum is employed and which is rarely considered in RF simulations. Ultimately more testing is required now that 802. 16e has been ratified and vendors are working on implementing the standard. (Fuertes, 2005)

Crisis Communications Paper on MS13 Gang Violence Essay

Crisis Communications Paper on MS13 Gang Violence - Essay Example This radical change in this field caused the mankind inviting many problems as well as solutions to deal with them. Appropriate communication during the time of crisis plays a pivotal role to manage the situation effectively. As at the time of crisis the emotions are at their highest level because of stress which often makes people behave in an erratic way. Confusion creeps in their mind to manage the crisis and at that time effective communication skills comes to their rescue. Crisis situations may vary in their nature such as a disastrous situation due to a natural calamity or a terrorist attack or even violence caused by the street gangs and many others. All these situations demands prompt actions which in turn can lead to wrong moves. "Adequate coping skills along with other balancing factors, such as realistic perception of the event and social support can help minimize overreaction"(Radziewicz, http://www.conversationsincare.com/web_book/chapter03.html). In recent days youth ga ngs are mushrooming at many places causing havoc in the society with their violent deeds. One such deadly and violent youth gang of United States and of Central America is MS-13 which poses a threat to the life and liberty of the people. Mara Salvatrucha abbreviated to MS-13 derives its origin to the Civil War of El Salvador in 1980s which caused a million of Salvadorans to emigrate to USA and settle there as refugees. These immigrants in USA faced a bitter opposition from the Mexican gangs formed by other immigrants settled there earlier which prompted the Salvadorans to form their own gang for defending their existence. But soon the gang expanded and became the largest gang symbolizing violence and barbarism to their peak. "Composed of mostly Salvadorans and other central Americans-many of them undocumented -the gang has a uniquely international profile It's considered the fastest growing, most violent and least understood of the nation's street gangs" (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7244879/site/newsweek). Unlike other gangs the members of MS-13 are very flexible in their activities. They are into various fields of crimes specializing in extortions, drug and arm trafficking, homicides, cross border human trafficking, theft and so on. "Mara Salvatrucha members have tattoes on most of their upper body, including the arms and face, with lettering done in Gothic (Blackletter) style. The "MS" and "13" is always tattooed on them. (This has resulted in the arrest and detention of many people, first in Honduras then in El Salvador for illicit association based entirely on the fact that they are wearing tattoos associated with gang membership) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Salvatrucha). The members of MS-13 are relatively fearless compared to other gangs and shows zero tolerance to the persons who became informant to the cops about their misdeeds. Even they act defiantly without being intimidated by the law enforcement officials easily. The members who abandons the gang is brutally killed by other active members. They impose rent on the people in the locality in which they live in lieu of guarranty of the security of the locals from the threats of other gangs. They are quite adept at using exlosives, firearms and grenades. Having been trained in guerilla warfare the MS-13 members frequently change their places